Heat Exchangers

A Heat Exchanger (HE) is equipment used to transfer heat between two fluids without mixing them directly.
It works on the principle of conduction and convection heat transfer, where energy moves from one region
or body to another due to a temperature difference. Unlike mass transfer, it does not involve the movement of matter.

APPLICATIONS

Power Plants – Steam condensers, feedwater heaters
Oil & Gas – Crude oil heaters, gas coolers
Chemical Processing – Reactors heating/cooling, reboilers
Food & Beverage – Pasteurizers, juice heating/cooling
Pharmaceuticals – Purified water heating/cooling
HVAC – Chillers, heat recovery units

MAJOR COMPONENTS

✓ Shell which is Outer casing that holds one fluid.
✓ Tubes carries the second fluid for heat exchanger.
✓ Tube Sheets or plates holding tubes in place.
✓ Baffles increases turbulence & heat transfer.
✓ Nozzles is used for fluid inlet and outlet connections.
✓ Support Structures for stability and maintenance access.

TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Parameter	Range / Example
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)	50 – 6000 W/m²·K (Approx.)
Flow Arrangement	Counterflow, Parallel Flow, Crossflow
Materials	Stainless Steel, Hastelloy
Tube Diameter	12–25 mm (common in shell-and-tube)
Tube Pitch	1.25 × Tube OD (typical)

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